What does abstraction remove exactly?

Since an abstraction typically omits physical constraints, rare edge cases, irrelevant attributes, human unpredictability, and much more, it is easy to design more complex systems like banking apps, because we can make assumptions. For example, we could assume that the user input will be valid, in order to test the core features of the app without the added validation needing to exist yet. After all – we can always come back and add these features one at a time.

Multiple abstractions of the same reality

The same real-world system can have multiple valid abstractions. Consider a road network:

• Graph abstraction → shortest path algorithms

• Simulation abstraction → traffic flow analysis

• Map abstraction → navigation for users

Developers must revisit code